The ratio of distance-to-energy corresponds to a mass difference, and from solar and atmospheric neutrinos, we got mass differences of ~milli-electron-volt (meV) scales. In the physical models we make, there are simple relationships between the distance a neutrino travels, the neutrino energy, and the differences in mass between the different types of neutrinos. But instead, LSND showed that the neutrinos were oscillating: from one type into another, over distances far less than even one kilometer. Over very short distances, you expect a negligible amount of neutrino oscillations, in order to be consistent with the solar and atmospheric neutrinos. You'll produce an electron, an anti-electron neutrino, and a muon neutrino. Imagine producing an unstable particle like a muon and letting it decay. The solar and atmospheric neutrino experiment results are consistent with one another, but not with the full suite of neutrino data. matter, it will have a certain probability of oscillating, something that can only happen if neutrinos have very small but non-zero masses. If you begin with an electron neutrino (black) and allow it to travel through either empty space or. Meanwhile, we knew from particle colliders that there could only be three types of neutrino that coupled to the Standard Model particles, and we learned mass limits on the sum of neutrinos from cosmological observations. With two measurements, we got two differences, which means that the relative figures should be fixed. These two measurements informed us about how the neutrinos mixed together, and allowed us to calculate a mass difference between the three different types. ![]() The key measurements first came in during the 1990s, where we were able to measure both atmospheric and solar neutrinos to unprecedented precision. ![]() Dark matter, whatever it is, cannot be any one of these particles, nor can it be a composite of these particles. what experiments require, with only massive neutrinos providing a difficulty and requiring beyond-the-standard-model physics. The particles and antiparticles of the Standard Model of particle physics are exactly in line with.
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